Monday, November 23, 2015
Notes On My Paternal Grandfather, Nathan Abraham Goldfus/Goldfoot
Nadene Goldfoot
Nathan Abraham Goldfoot was known to his family without the middle name. That was found during research. He never did speak English, only Yiddish. My father was 4 years 18 days old when he was killed in a horse and wagon accident.
Nathan Goldfoot was born on August 5 or 15, 1871 according to www.findmypast or 1874 on a Saturday. It is possible he was born in Telsiai, Lithuania, commonly referred to as "Russia." According to the Goldfoot family in South Africa, they came from the Ukraine in Russia. On the 1910 census he said he was born in 1872. When he died, his wife was not told about the accident as it was Shabbas. She learned about it later. He had money hidden, and she never learned where it was.
Grandfather Nathan "Nahum" came over to the U.S.A in 1896 ? when he was 24 years old.(according to census information or death certificate. (July 19, 1912.) He died at age 40 years 11 months 4 days. That would be two years after being in Quebec. He's buried at the Shaarie Torah Synagogue Cemetery in Portland alongside his 2nd wife, Hattie "Zlata" Jermulowske. .
12/5/08 Not listed on ancestry.com UK incoming passengers 1878-1960, though many other Goldfoots are in there. http://tinyurl.com/668qq5. Died at age 39 years 11 months 14 days in horse and wagon accident in Portland, Oregon.
4/13/11: Feb 21, 1893 married in Dublin, Ireland to Lena Goldberg, daughter of Naftolee Goldberg, capmaker, who was deceased at the time of the marriage.. Nathan's father was listed as Morris Goldfoot, Distiller, also deceased. By June 14, 1893 was on ship headed for Winnipeg listed as single. Nathan is found on the www.findmypast.com list having left Liverpool, England, Londonderry (Irish port) bound for Quebec and Montreal in 1893 at the age of 22. If the age is correct, he was born in 1871 and not 1874 as I have thought.
Winston Churchill was born in 1874, and Nathan Goldfoot b: 15 August 1871 in possibly Telsiai, Lithuania or Ukraine, Russia and died 19 July 1912 in Portland, Oregon.
Nathan was born at the worst period in Russian history. The 1880's was another dark period of rising anti-Semitism, expulsions from large cities and many other general restrictions. It was mandatory for Jews "to keep the same names that had been entered in the vital records."
1881 saw Alexander II assassinated causing antisemitism. Jews were traders and artisans since Middle Ages and were now restricted in Russia including much of Poland. in Pale of Jewish Settlement. Serfdom was in Russia until 1861.
In 1891 22,000 Jews in chains led from Moscow and St. Petersburg to the Pale. It was hard to leave Russia. They had to cross borders illegally into Austria/Hungary, then to Vienna or Berlin. In Hamburg, Bremen and Rotterdam, thousands tried to find passage to America, standing in long lines. Then they crowded into steerage for 2 to 4 weeks of seasickness and hundreds sharing a toilet.
In 1904, 20,000 people did not pass the inspection and were sent back to Europe. Between 1881 and 1910 1.5 million Jews immigrated to USA. Of that 1 million were from Russia. Most Eastern European immigrants destined for Oregon stopped on the Lower East Side before traveling by train across the country to Portland. Others came more directly because relatives or families had already settled here.
Pograms in Russia= Nathan was age 9
May Laws of Jewish Discrimination, Nathan was age 10
Lithuania lies in the eastern Europe, on the coast of the Baltic Sea. In the north Lithuania borders with Latvia, in the east and south with Byelorussia, in the south-west with Poland and with the Kaliningrad region of the Russian Federation.
12/20/08 I found him in Quebec arriving in 1893 on ship Parisian. Reference RG76; microfilm C-4539. He contracted to get off at Winnipeg. He was number 29520 on the ship of 8 men and 2 women passengers. Parisian was the 1st large steamer of the Allen Line taking immigrants to Canada. It weighed 5,359 tons and sailed first on May 1881. It took 13 1/4 days from Liverpool, England to Canada and took 18 days from Glasgow, Scotland.
His name, Nathan,and Natan is a Jewish name from the ten Polish Provinces of Kalisz, Kielee, Lomza, Lublin, Pietrkow, Plock, Radom, Siedlce, Suwalki, and Warsaw. Poland was partitioned in 1772, 1792 and 1795. Then it was part of Russia. Nathan must be the anglicized name.
Naum\Nakhim\(Nahum 1:1) Variants: Nakhim (L), Nokhim (L,P,V), Nokhum (L), Nukkhem, Nukhim (P,V) Nukhimche(P). (L )means Lithuania, present-day Lithuania and northern Belarus. (P) means Poland, the 10 Polish provinces, and (V) Volhyn, present day Zhitomir, Rovno, Luts'k and Volyn regions.
4/13/11: Dublin In 1911 the city was 83% Catholic, 13% Church of Ireland, 2% Presbyterian and Methodist and 2% others, including a growing Jewish presence.” Nathan was there in this year.
4/2/15 Nathan lived at 13 Arbutus Place, South Circular Road, Dublin Ireland in 1893 when he married Lena Goldberg. I found this about the address: from a man in 1949 in a nursing home located just down the street at 102 South Circular Road, Portobello, (now renumbered as no. 18), at a house that had been the home of the President’s father, the first Chief Rabbi of Ireland, Isaac Herzog, throughout the 1920s. (He later moved the short distance to 33, Bloomfield Avenue for the remaining years of his ministry here before becoming Chief Rabbi of Eretz Israel.) He was accordingly born in the same house where Chaim Herzog spent most of his Dublin childhood and where his gifted brother, the late Ya’acov Herzog, had been born in 1921." Nathan left this addresss, at least 4 months later after February 21, 1893 when he married Lena.
The cholera pandemic, beginning in India in 1881, did not subside until 1896, when it had spread across the Far East, Middle East, Russia,and Germany. More than 300,000 people died of cholera in famine-stricken Russia alone.
He was 38 years old in 1910 at the time of the 1910 census, but 37 years, 11 months and 4 days old in 1912 when he died according to the death certificate. (I now have him figured to have been 39 years 11 months 14 days old when he died. He died on a Friday. (It was reported in the newspaper that he was 45 at the time of death.) He lived at 265 Arthur St. S., Portland, Oregon. He married Addie Hattie "Zlotte" Jermulouske (my grandmother) on November 20, 1905 in Council, Idaho. (Volume 3, page 405) The census stated that he had been married for 6 years in l910. He was 32 years old when he married Hattie. They had only been married 6 years when he was killed in an accident. Nathan was 6 years older than his wife. I thought he came to either the Baltimore, MD port, or the Philadelphia, Penn. Port, or some other port. But I found him on www.findmy past as coming from Londonderry, Ireland to Quebec on 9 June 1893, so he may have come in from Quebec. 1910 census, 6th Ward, Dist. 169, series T624, roll 1285, part 2, page 210B , Portland, Multnomah, Oregon. Listed as Goofoot. They lived at 265 Arthur St. in Portland. Next door was Moses Schnitzer and wife Becky with children Sadie, Joseph, Barney, Harry, Louis, and Fannie. Listed this as 2nd marriage.
My mother told me that he had been married before, but had no children. His wife had blamed him for this. He divorced her and married my grandmother in Council, Idaho. They then had five children in their six or eight years of marriage. My father, Maurice, was only about 4 yrs old) when his father died. He remembered sitting on his father's lap and combing his beard.
He said he was a junk dealer on the 1910 census. He had a wagon and a horse. One day the horse was out of hand and ran. He was injured and unconscious and was taken to the hospital. A friend would not get my grandmother as it was Shabbus (the Sabbath). He died without telling her where his money was hidden. It was probably hidden in the hay in the horse barn. No one ever found it. (Read newspaper article below.)
2/1/04: Oregon Daily Journal Newspaper, July 19, 1912: SHE SEEKS HUSBAND WHO FAILS TO RETURN; BODY IS AT MORGUE N. Goldfoot, Expressman Who Was Killed in Runaway Unidentified Many Hours.
After lying 12 hours fatally injured and unidentified at St. Vincent's hospital, where he had been rushed in the Red Cross ambulance, after having been hurled from his express wagon when his horse ran away, Nathan Goldfoot, aged 45 years, died this morning, without regaining consciousness, and was not identified until his wife called at the morgue.
When the expressman was picked up by passersby at East Twenty-eighth and Belmont streets, and the wagon, which was badly wrecked, several blocks further on, an effort was made to learn the man's identity, but there was no license tag on the wagon and no papers in the man's pockets. Late last night Mrs. Goldfoot reported to the police that her husband was missing and when Detective Litherand, who took the case up this morning, compared the report of the accident and the one of the missing man, the identification became possible.
Goldfoot resided at 265 Arthur street, was 45 years old and leaves a widow and three children. She was pregnant with my aunt Ann who was then born later on November 11, 1912. The wrecked express wagon and the horse are at a livery barn at 145 East Seventh street.
In the mad flight of the horse down the street, the wagon narrowly missed a collision with an auto, which was stopped by a pedestrian who saw the horse plunging down the street. The widow was prostrated when she found the body.
The Morning Oregonian Saturday, July 20, 1912: WIFE SEEKS MATE; DEAD Man Hurt in Runaway Dies at Hospital: Unknown to Spouse. While Mrs. Nathan Goldfoot of 268 Arthur street searched "high and low" for her husband Thursday night and for several hours yesterday morning, he was lying unconscious at St. Vincent's Hospital, a victim of a runaway accident. Not until he had been dead for more than an hour did the worried wife finally learn of her husband's fate.
Goldfoot was an expressman, 45 years of age. While on his way home Thursday afternoon, his horse ran away and collided with a tree, hurling him to the pavement, inflicting injuries from which he failed to regain consciousness. He remained unconscious from the time of the accident until he died. He had no papers from which his identity might be ascertained and there was no number or name on his express wagon by which he could be identified.
On the death certificate, it says his father's name was John Goldfoot. It actually was Chaim but this probably sounded like John to the nurse. He was born in Russia and his father was born in Russia. We know his father's name was Chaim Itzak as that is what the headstone says. (on jewishgen.org, I have found a different name for his father-Movshsa ben Josel Goldfus.) There are Chaims listed in Telsiai. It was his wife who thought she knew the name of his father. Was she wrong? I don't know.
At this time, I do not know his brother's name who he left Russia with . Supposedly they went to England. The brother stayed there, and Nathan travelled to the U.S. This was oral history through a relative in England that my brother met.
My father was about 4 years old when he died, so not enough information was passed on. He had filed for his first papers (Pa) for citizenship.
He should be on the 1900 Portland census. I'll try to check. (Have never found him there.)
Jewish immigration into the American continent did not really begin until the enactment of the May Laws in Russia in the 1880's (American Origins, Pine,p. 351)
12/24/02 Contact with Mike Posnick who is the other Goldfoot researcher besides Abraham Goldberg. (Abraham turned out to be Rabbi Abraham Goldberg who was slaughtered in Jerusalem by terrorists while praying "davening" in a synagogue. I never knew he was a rabbi. He told me that his Goldfus family lived in Laukuva, Lithuania, which was the southern-most town in the former Telsiai district of the Kovno province of the Russian Empire. The town is located at the crossroads of the Kaunas-Klaipeda and Taurage-Riga highways. He went on to say that we believe that all of the Jewish Goldfus(s) and Goldfoot families are related to one another. All appear to have originated in the area around Telsiai. Those who adopted the name Goldfoot all appear to have resided in the British Isles for at least a short time before moving elsewhere. (My grandfather, Nathan was in England before moving to Dublin, Ireland.)
Note from Mike Posnick, Researcher of Goldfoot: Nathan may have been travelling at the time of the 1900 census. That would explain why you can't find him. He also may have been using a different name, or the census taker or census indexer may have mispelled his name. Anything is possible.
It's not surprising that the eldest child was born where your grandmother's family lived. It was common for a daughter to return to her parents' home to give birth, especially for a first child. One finds this common in Eastern Europe as well as in the United States and Canada.
Are there any family stories about where, when, and how your grandparents met? They might shed some light on where Nathan was at the time of the 1900 census. Also, does a birth record exist for the first child? Have you seen it? It might contain some helpful fact(s).
I would agree with your comment that all of the living Goldfeet are accounted for, Hopefully, the research I am presently doing and planning to do will yield connections. I would appreciate it if you would pursue the subject of naturalization papers filed by your grandfather. If either first or second papers can be found, it will assist us in connecting him to the larger family. I will make a point of looking for him among the passenger manifests when I am next in Salt Lake City was Washington, D.C.
Mike
On his death certificate of July 1912 it states he had been here 13 years. That may mean he was in Oregon for 13 years. I also have that he came to this country in 1896. There is a 1 by the address of 265 Arthur Street. Moses (Maurice Goldfoot)-my father, was born at home at 277 Baker Street in 1908. 6/8/08 Gold Foot: ?????? ?????? and a try at pronouncing them would be Zoloto Peshkom
2/28/04 I heard from Chaim Goldfus in Jerusalem. He is a Phd and teaches classical archaeology and his cousin is also Chaim Goldfus, the insurance agent. They are both named for their grandfather Haim Goldfus from Leukova, Lithuania. According to his father, all the Goldfuses are connected and they are all from Lithuania. There are also Goldfuses that are not Jewish. He is a relative of Avraham Goldberg. He says that common characteristics among the Goldfuses he knows are highly moralistic, straight people proud of carrying the name and more.
6/23/04 I found a Goldfuss on passenger and immigration lists: Philadelphia, 1800-1850 on ship Johann Andreas from Tonnengin port of departure to Philadelphia on March 7, 1805 in Nat'l archives #425 #8 list #20.
1/13/06 I found a Max Goldfoot in Boston, Suffolk, Mass on 1910 census 19 April age 32 b: 1878. He was a junk dealer. (So was Nathan Goldfoot). Max and Rebecca immigrated in 1895. They probably came through the Boston port.
wife: Rebecca age 30, sons Harry age 7 and Robert age 2 and Florence 2 mo old. They were Russian Jews who spoke Yiddish. He could be the brother of Nahum, younger by 4 years.
I also found a Rose Goldfoot on the 1910 census 26 April in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania age 10 in the Home for Hebrew Orphans. She was Russian Jewish and spoke Yiddish and English.
5/20/06 a Joseph Goldfoot, b: 1891, came over to the Philadelphia port on 28 May 1906. He was a school boy originating in Russia, spoke Hebrew, and came from Queenstown, Dublin, Ireland on the ship Haverford. He was meeting an uncle who lived on 32nd North Broad, Trenton, New Jersey.
9/21/06 About 800 Jews came to Oregon under the auspices of the Industrial Removal Office (IRO) founded by trustees of the Baron de Hirsch Fund in 1900. They lent settlers money for train tickets. With the help of Portland's Hebrew Benevolent Association, Ben Selling would locate work and housing. Settlers frequently became junk peddlers with money for a horse and wagon lent to them by the Hebrew Benevolent Association. This must be what had happened to Nathan Goldfoot. (The Immigrants' Children by Polina Olsen).
1/13/07 Mike Posnick found Nathan on www.findmypast emigrating from Londonderry, Ireland in 1893 to Quebec Canada port. The ship was the Parisian steamship of the Allan Line. He was 22 years old. An Abraham, Lina, Rachel, and Sarah left in 1894 from Liverpool and Londonderry. Only 47 people were on this small ship. In Find My Past, there were 3 ships leaving Londonderry for Canada in 1893. The ship "Vancouver" left two time; 16th June 1893 and 21st July 1893. The Labrador left 15 Sept 1893. I bet it was the Vancouver, and that's how he got to Portland. (Could Lina be Lena who married my grandfather?
He probably took the train across; there would be records of his entry into the US if he crossed in 1895 or after, but not if he went directly from Quebec to the US in 1893:
http://freepages.genealogy.rootsweb.com/~holdenclan/albans.htm
He wouldn't have required a passport at that time; in 1893 the border wasn't properly monitored and the Europe --> Canada --> US route was popular precisely because it avoided the US ports and therefore US inspection.
A US census should let you know when he came to the US from Canada.
10/16/08 I found a Pearl Goldfoot who died 5 July 1990 in North York, Toronto, Ontario, Canada on the Jewishgen burial registry. She is in plot 4-D-51. She's buried in the Bathurst Lawn Memorial Park Cemetery.
Nathan: June 14, 1893 on Parisian ship of Allen line (British 1881-) from Londonderry, Ireland to Winnipeg at age 22. b: 1871.
12/9/09 [edit] Jews in Telsiai
The Jewish community was proud of its renowned yeshiva, or rabbinical college. In 1941, the Telshe yeshiva was resettled in Cleveland, Ohio by a group of faculty members who escaped the Holocaust. The original yeshiva building still stands in Telšiai.
Under the subsequent Nazi German occupation in World War II, large Jewish population of Telšiai was almost completely annihilated.
Telsiai or Telzh in Yiddish, it is in Kovno Province. Telshi is the name of the town and the district. In 1900 there were 3,088 Jews living there. It is 42 miles West of Siauliai. and is in the NW part of Lithuania.
12/18/10 Interesting that I found an 11 yr old Nathan Goldbont going from Hamburg to NY via London from Suwalki, Poland on 1 May 1881 to 30 May 1881. (Suwalki, Poland is where my paternal grandmother, Hattie "Zlata" Jermulowske b: Lazidai, Suwalki, Lithuania, found herself living when part of Lithuania was taken over by Poland. This had not happened to Telsiai, which was further east.
2/2/11: Found an 11 yr old Nathan Goldbont on Hamburg Passenger List written in German traveling alone from Suwalki, Poland on May 30, 1881. Interesting. Going to New York via London on Viola.
Ship Name: Parisian from Liverpool, England to Londonderry, Ireland to Winnipeg
Years in service: 1881-
Funnels: 2
Masts: 4
Shipping line: Allan (British) 1893 Liverpool Mar. 23 Halifax Apr. 02 Londonderry - Portland. Allan & State LineTransatlantc ID . Was this Portland, Maine or Portland, Oregon as Nathan came to reside in Portland, Oregon.
Ship description: Built by Robert Napier & Sons, Glasgow, Scotland. Tonnage: 5,395. Dimensions: 441' x 46'. Single-screw, 15 knots. Compound engines. Four masts and two funnels. Steel hull.
History: Passengers: 150 first, 100 second, 1,000 third. Maiden voyage: Liverpool-Halifax-Boston, March 10, 1881. Re-engined with triple expansions in 1899 and also had her original funnels replaced with a single large one. Served in various North Atlantic routes, including Glasgow-New York run. Sold to Italian shipbreakers in January 1914, and soon afterwards was dismantled at Genoa.
3/1/11 Found Nathan Abraham Goldfoot in Dublin South on Ireland, Civil Registration Index for marriages; film number 101257, volume #2, page # 631, digital folder # 4179389, image # 00022. Marriage listed Jan-Mar 1893. Then on June 14, 1893 he was heading for Winnipeg on the ship Parisian. Something happened. He was alone.
Search collectionAbout this collectionName: Nathan Abraham Goldfoot
Registration District: Dublin South
Event Type: MARRIAGES
Registration Quarter and Year: Jan - Mar 1893
Estimated Birth Year:
Age (at Death):
Mother's Maiden Name:
Film Number: 101257
Volume Number: 2
Page Number: 631
Digital Folder Number: 4179389
Image Number: 00022
5/12/11: He died on a Tuesday at age 40 years 11 months 4 days. He was born on a Saturday.
I just found in Telsiai, Lithuania the birth of Nokhum Abram Goldfus on 1/1/1871. Father was Movsha, grandfather Liosel, mother was Beile. Could this be my grandfather? The year is right but not the month or day.
11/18/11 On ancestry.com he was listed as either Goofoot or Garfoot and does have PA, which means Declaration of Intent; this is if he understood the question for on the 1910 census of April 16, 1910 he did not read or write.
The Jewish community was proud of its renowned yeshiva, or rabbinical college. In 1941, the Telshe yeshiva was resettled in Cleveland, Ohio by a group of faculty members who escaped the Holocaust. The original yeshiva building still stands in Telšiai.
Under the subsequent Nazi German occupation during World War II, large Jewish population of Telšiai was almost completely annihilated. Telšiai has a rare, surviving wooden synagogue.[4]
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| Nathan "Nochum" Abraham Goldfoot b: August 5, 1872, d: July 19, 1912 from Telsiai, Lithuania to England to Ireland to Council, Idaho to Portland, Oregon |
Nathan Abraham Goldfoot was known to his family without the middle name. That was found during research. He never did speak English, only Yiddish. My father was 4 years 18 days old when he was killed in a horse and wagon accident.
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| Nathan's 2 sons: Charles b: 1906 in Council, Idaho and Morris "Moshe" b: 1908 in Portland, Oregon |
Grandfather Nathan "Nahum" came over to the U.S.A in 1896 ? when he was 24 years old.(according to census information or death certificate. (July 19, 1912.) He died at age 40 years 11 months 4 days. That would be two years after being in Quebec. He's buried at the Shaarie Torah Synagogue Cemetery in Portland alongside his 2nd wife, Hattie "Zlata" Jermulowske. .
12/5/08 Not listed on ancestry.com UK incoming passengers 1878-1960, though many other Goldfoots are in there. http://tinyurl.com/668qq5. Died at age 39 years 11 months 14 days in horse and wagon accident in Portland, Oregon.
4/13/11: Feb 21, 1893 married in Dublin, Ireland to Lena Goldberg, daughter of Naftolee Goldberg, capmaker, who was deceased at the time of the marriage.. Nathan's father was listed as Morris Goldfoot, Distiller, also deceased. By June 14, 1893 was on ship headed for Winnipeg listed as single. Nathan is found on the www.findmypast.com list having left Liverpool, England, Londonderry (Irish port) bound for Quebec and Montreal in 1893 at the age of 22. If the age is correct, he was born in 1871 and not 1874 as I have thought.
Winston Churchill was born in 1874, and Nathan Goldfoot b: 15 August 1871 in possibly Telsiai, Lithuania or Ukraine, Russia and died 19 July 1912 in Portland, Oregon.
Nathan was born at the worst period in Russian history. The 1880's was another dark period of rising anti-Semitism, expulsions from large cities and many other general restrictions. It was mandatory for Jews "to keep the same names that had been entered in the vital records."
1881 saw Alexander II assassinated causing antisemitism. Jews were traders and artisans since Middle Ages and were now restricted in Russia including much of Poland. in Pale of Jewish Settlement. Serfdom was in Russia until 1861.
In 1891 22,000 Jews in chains led from Moscow and St. Petersburg to the Pale. It was hard to leave Russia. They had to cross borders illegally into Austria/Hungary, then to Vienna or Berlin. In Hamburg, Bremen and Rotterdam, thousands tried to find passage to America, standing in long lines. Then they crowded into steerage for 2 to 4 weeks of seasickness and hundreds sharing a toilet.
In 1904, 20,000 people did not pass the inspection and were sent back to Europe. Between 1881 and 1910 1.5 million Jews immigrated to USA. Of that 1 million were from Russia. Most Eastern European immigrants destined for Oregon stopped on the Lower East Side before traveling by train across the country to Portland. Others came more directly because relatives or families had already settled here.
Pograms in Russia= Nathan was age 9
May Laws of Jewish Discrimination, Nathan was age 10
Lithuania lies in the eastern Europe, on the coast of the Baltic Sea. In the north Lithuania borders with Latvia, in the east and south with Byelorussia, in the south-west with Poland and with the Kaliningrad region of the Russian Federation.
12/20/08 I found him in Quebec arriving in 1893 on ship Parisian. Reference RG76; microfilm C-4539. He contracted to get off at Winnipeg. He was number 29520 on the ship of 8 men and 2 women passengers. Parisian was the 1st large steamer of the Allen Line taking immigrants to Canada. It weighed 5,359 tons and sailed first on May 1881. It took 13 1/4 days from Liverpool, England to Canada and took 18 days from Glasgow, Scotland.
His name, Nathan,and Natan is a Jewish name from the ten Polish Provinces of Kalisz, Kielee, Lomza, Lublin, Pietrkow, Plock, Radom, Siedlce, Suwalki, and Warsaw. Poland was partitioned in 1772, 1792 and 1795. Then it was part of Russia. Nathan must be the anglicized name.
Naum\Nakhim\(Nahum 1:1) Variants: Nakhim (L), Nokhim (L,P,V), Nokhum (L), Nukkhem, Nukhim (P,V) Nukhimche(P). (L )means Lithuania, present-day Lithuania and northern Belarus. (P) means Poland, the 10 Polish provinces, and (V) Volhyn, present day Zhitomir, Rovno, Luts'k and Volyn regions.
4/13/11: Dublin In 1911 the city was 83% Catholic, 13% Church of Ireland, 2% Presbyterian and Methodist and 2% others, including a growing Jewish presence.” Nathan was there in this year.
4/2/15 Nathan lived at 13 Arbutus Place, South Circular Road, Dublin Ireland in 1893 when he married Lena Goldberg. I found this about the address: from a man in 1949 in a nursing home located just down the street at 102 South Circular Road, Portobello, (now renumbered as no. 18), at a house that had been the home of the President’s father, the first Chief Rabbi of Ireland, Isaac Herzog, throughout the 1920s. (He later moved the short distance to 33, Bloomfield Avenue for the remaining years of his ministry here before becoming Chief Rabbi of Eretz Israel.) He was accordingly born in the same house where Chaim Herzog spent most of his Dublin childhood and where his gifted brother, the late Ya’acov Herzog, had been born in 1921." Nathan left this addresss, at least 4 months later after February 21, 1893 when he married Lena.
The cholera pandemic, beginning in India in 1881, did not subside until 1896, when it had spread across the Far East, Middle East, Russia,and Germany. More than 300,000 people died of cholera in famine-stricken Russia alone.
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| Morris, Nathan's son, remembers his beard. He might have looked like this Goldfus grandfather, of which Chaim Goldfus the archaeologist and Chaim Goldfus the insurance man, both of Israel and 1st cousins, have as grandfather. Nathan's wife had said Nathan's father was Chaim Itzak Goldfus. Hmmm. |
My mother told me that he had been married before, but had no children. His wife had blamed him for this. He divorced her and married my grandmother in Council, Idaho. They then had five children in their six or eight years of marriage. My father, Maurice, was only about 4 yrs old) when his father died. He remembered sitting on his father's lap and combing his beard.
He said he was a junk dealer on the 1910 census. He had a wagon and a horse. One day the horse was out of hand and ran. He was injured and unconscious and was taken to the hospital. A friend would not get my grandmother as it was Shabbus (the Sabbath). He died without telling her where his money was hidden. It was probably hidden in the hay in the horse barn. No one ever found it. (Read newspaper article below.)
2/1/04: Oregon Daily Journal Newspaper, July 19, 1912: SHE SEEKS HUSBAND WHO FAILS TO RETURN; BODY IS AT MORGUE N. Goldfoot, Expressman Who Was Killed in Runaway Unidentified Many Hours.
After lying 12 hours fatally injured and unidentified at St. Vincent's hospital, where he had been rushed in the Red Cross ambulance, after having been hurled from his express wagon when his horse ran away, Nathan Goldfoot, aged 45 years, died this morning, without regaining consciousness, and was not identified until his wife called at the morgue.
When the expressman was picked up by passersby at East Twenty-eighth and Belmont streets, and the wagon, which was badly wrecked, several blocks further on, an effort was made to learn the man's identity, but there was no license tag on the wagon and no papers in the man's pockets. Late last night Mrs. Goldfoot reported to the police that her husband was missing and when Detective Litherand, who took the case up this morning, compared the report of the accident and the one of the missing man, the identification became possible.
Goldfoot resided at 265 Arthur street, was 45 years old and leaves a widow and three children. She was pregnant with my aunt Ann who was then born later on November 11, 1912. The wrecked express wagon and the horse are at a livery barn at 145 East Seventh street.
In the mad flight of the horse down the street, the wagon narrowly missed a collision with an auto, which was stopped by a pedestrian who saw the horse plunging down the street. The widow was prostrated when she found the body.
The Morning Oregonian Saturday, July 20, 1912: WIFE SEEKS MATE; DEAD Man Hurt in Runaway Dies at Hospital: Unknown to Spouse. While Mrs. Nathan Goldfoot of 268 Arthur street searched "high and low" for her husband Thursday night and for several hours yesterday morning, he was lying unconscious at St. Vincent's Hospital, a victim of a runaway accident. Not until he had been dead for more than an hour did the worried wife finally learn of her husband's fate.
Goldfoot was an expressman, 45 years of age. While on his way home Thursday afternoon, his horse ran away and collided with a tree, hurling him to the pavement, inflicting injuries from which he failed to regain consciousness. He remained unconscious from the time of the accident until he died. He had no papers from which his identity might be ascertained and there was no number or name on his express wagon by which he could be identified.
On the death certificate, it says his father's name was John Goldfoot. It actually was Chaim but this probably sounded like John to the nurse. He was born in Russia and his father was born in Russia. We know his father's name was Chaim Itzak as that is what the headstone says. (on jewishgen.org, I have found a different name for his father-Movshsa ben Josel Goldfus.) There are Chaims listed in Telsiai. It was his wife who thought she knew the name of his father. Was she wrong? I don't know.
At this time, I do not know his brother's name who he left Russia with . Supposedly they went to England. The brother stayed there, and Nathan travelled to the U.S. This was oral history through a relative in England that my brother met.
My father was about 4 years old when he died, so not enough information was passed on. He had filed for his first papers (Pa) for citizenship.
He should be on the 1900 Portland census. I'll try to check. (Have never found him there.)
Jewish immigration into the American continent did not really begin until the enactment of the May Laws in Russia in the 1880's (American Origins, Pine,p. 351)
12/24/02 Contact with Mike Posnick who is the other Goldfoot researcher besides Abraham Goldberg. (Abraham turned out to be Rabbi Abraham Goldberg who was slaughtered in Jerusalem by terrorists while praying "davening" in a synagogue. I never knew he was a rabbi. He told me that his Goldfus family lived in Laukuva, Lithuania, which was the southern-most town in the former Telsiai district of the Kovno province of the Russian Empire. The town is located at the crossroads of the Kaunas-Klaipeda and Taurage-Riga highways. He went on to say that we believe that all of the Jewish Goldfus(s) and Goldfoot families are related to one another. All appear to have originated in the area around Telsiai. Those who adopted the name Goldfoot all appear to have resided in the British Isles for at least a short time before moving elsewhere. (My grandfather, Nathan was in England before moving to Dublin, Ireland.)
Note from Mike Posnick, Researcher of Goldfoot: Nathan may have been travelling at the time of the 1900 census. That would explain why you can't find him. He also may have been using a different name, or the census taker or census indexer may have mispelled his name. Anything is possible.
It's not surprising that the eldest child was born where your grandmother's family lived. It was common for a daughter to return to her parents' home to give birth, especially for a first child. One finds this common in Eastern Europe as well as in the United States and Canada.
Are there any family stories about where, when, and how your grandparents met? They might shed some light on where Nathan was at the time of the 1900 census. Also, does a birth record exist for the first child? Have you seen it? It might contain some helpful fact(s).
I would agree with your comment that all of the living Goldfeet are accounted for, Hopefully, the research I am presently doing and planning to do will yield connections. I would appreciate it if you would pursue the subject of naturalization papers filed by your grandfather. If either first or second papers can be found, it will assist us in connecting him to the larger family. I will make a point of looking for him among the passenger manifests when I am next in Salt Lake City was Washington, D.C.
Mike
On his death certificate of July 1912 it states he had been here 13 years. That may mean he was in Oregon for 13 years. I also have that he came to this country in 1896. There is a 1 by the address of 265 Arthur Street. Moses (Maurice Goldfoot)-my father, was born at home at 277 Baker Street in 1908. 6/8/08 Gold Foot: ?????? ?????? and a try at pronouncing them would be Zoloto Peshkom
2/28/04 I heard from Chaim Goldfus in Jerusalem. He is a Phd and teaches classical archaeology and his cousin is also Chaim Goldfus, the insurance agent. They are both named for their grandfather Haim Goldfus from Leukova, Lithuania. According to his father, all the Goldfuses are connected and they are all from Lithuania. There are also Goldfuses that are not Jewish. He is a relative of Avraham Goldberg. He says that common characteristics among the Goldfuses he knows are highly moralistic, straight people proud of carrying the name and more.
6/23/04 I found a Goldfuss on passenger and immigration lists: Philadelphia, 1800-1850 on ship Johann Andreas from Tonnengin port of departure to Philadelphia on March 7, 1805 in Nat'l archives #425 #8 list #20.
1/13/06 I found a Max Goldfoot in Boston, Suffolk, Mass on 1910 census 19 April age 32 b: 1878. He was a junk dealer. (So was Nathan Goldfoot). Max and Rebecca immigrated in 1895. They probably came through the Boston port.
wife: Rebecca age 30, sons Harry age 7 and Robert age 2 and Florence 2 mo old. They were Russian Jews who spoke Yiddish. He could be the brother of Nahum, younger by 4 years.
I also found a Rose Goldfoot on the 1910 census 26 April in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania age 10 in the Home for Hebrew Orphans. She was Russian Jewish and spoke Yiddish and English.
5/20/06 a Joseph Goldfoot, b: 1891, came over to the Philadelphia port on 28 May 1906. He was a school boy originating in Russia, spoke Hebrew, and came from Queenstown, Dublin, Ireland on the ship Haverford. He was meeting an uncle who lived on 32nd North Broad, Trenton, New Jersey.
9/21/06 About 800 Jews came to Oregon under the auspices of the Industrial Removal Office (IRO) founded by trustees of the Baron de Hirsch Fund in 1900. They lent settlers money for train tickets. With the help of Portland's Hebrew Benevolent Association, Ben Selling would locate work and housing. Settlers frequently became junk peddlers with money for a horse and wagon lent to them by the Hebrew Benevolent Association. This must be what had happened to Nathan Goldfoot. (The Immigrants' Children by Polina Olsen).
1/13/07 Mike Posnick found Nathan on www.findmypast emigrating from Londonderry, Ireland in 1893 to Quebec Canada port. The ship was the Parisian steamship of the Allan Line. He was 22 years old. An Abraham, Lina, Rachel, and Sarah left in 1894 from Liverpool and Londonderry. Only 47 people were on this small ship. In Find My Past, there were 3 ships leaving Londonderry for Canada in 1893. The ship "Vancouver" left two time; 16th June 1893 and 21st July 1893. The Labrador left 15 Sept 1893. I bet it was the Vancouver, and that's how he got to Portland. (Could Lina be Lena who married my grandfather?
He probably took the train across; there would be records of his entry into the US if he crossed in 1895 or after, but not if he went directly from Quebec to the US in 1893:
http://freepages.genealogy.rootsweb.com/~holdenclan/albans.htm
He wouldn't have required a passport at that time; in 1893 the border wasn't properly monitored and the Europe --> Canada --> US route was popular precisely because it avoided the US ports and therefore US inspection.
A US census should let you know when he came to the US from Canada.
10/16/08 I found a Pearl Goldfoot who died 5 July 1990 in North York, Toronto, Ontario, Canada on the Jewishgen burial registry. She is in plot 4-D-51. She's buried in the Bathurst Lawn Memorial Park Cemetery.
Nathan: June 14, 1893 on Parisian ship of Allen line (British 1881-) from Londonderry, Ireland to Winnipeg at age 22. b: 1871.
12/9/09 [edit] Jews in Telsiai
The Jewish community was proud of its renowned yeshiva, or rabbinical college. In 1941, the Telshe yeshiva was resettled in Cleveland, Ohio by a group of faculty members who escaped the Holocaust. The original yeshiva building still stands in Telšiai.
Under the subsequent Nazi German occupation in World War II, large Jewish population of Telšiai was almost completely annihilated.
Telsiai or Telzh in Yiddish, it is in Kovno Province. Telshi is the name of the town and the district. In 1900 there were 3,088 Jews living there. It is 42 miles West of Siauliai. and is in the NW part of Lithuania.
12/18/10 Interesting that I found an 11 yr old Nathan Goldbont going from Hamburg to NY via London from Suwalki, Poland on 1 May 1881 to 30 May 1881. (Suwalki, Poland is where my paternal grandmother, Hattie "Zlata" Jermulowske b: Lazidai, Suwalki, Lithuania, found herself living when part of Lithuania was taken over by Poland. This had not happened to Telsiai, which was further east.
2/2/11: Found an 11 yr old Nathan Goldbont on Hamburg Passenger List written in German traveling alone from Suwalki, Poland on May 30, 1881. Interesting. Going to New York via London on Viola.
Ship Name: Parisian from Liverpool, England to Londonderry, Ireland to Winnipeg
Years in service: 1881-
Funnels: 2
Masts: 4
Shipping line: Allan (British) 1893 Liverpool Mar. 23 Halifax Apr. 02 Londonderry - Portland. Allan & State LineTransatlantc ID . Was this Portland, Maine or Portland, Oregon as Nathan came to reside in Portland, Oregon.
Ship description: Built by Robert Napier & Sons, Glasgow, Scotland. Tonnage: 5,395. Dimensions: 441' x 46'. Single-screw, 15 knots. Compound engines. Four masts and two funnels. Steel hull.
History: Passengers: 150 first, 100 second, 1,000 third. Maiden voyage: Liverpool-Halifax-Boston, March 10, 1881. Re-engined with triple expansions in 1899 and also had her original funnels replaced with a single large one. Served in various North Atlantic routes, including Glasgow-New York run. Sold to Italian shipbreakers in January 1914, and soon afterwards was dismantled at Genoa.
3/1/11 Found Nathan Abraham Goldfoot in Dublin South on Ireland, Civil Registration Index for marriages; film number 101257, volume #2, page # 631, digital folder # 4179389, image # 00022. Marriage listed Jan-Mar 1893. Then on June 14, 1893 he was heading for Winnipeg on the ship Parisian. Something happened. He was alone.
Search collectionAbout this collectionName: Nathan Abraham Goldfoot
Registration District: Dublin South
Event Type: MARRIAGES
Registration Quarter and Year: Jan - Mar 1893
Estimated Birth Year:
Age (at Death):
Mother's Maiden Name:
Film Number: 101257
Volume Number: 2
Page Number: 631
Digital Folder Number: 4179389
Image Number: 00022
5/12/11: He died on a Tuesday at age 40 years 11 months 4 days. He was born on a Saturday.
I just found in Telsiai, Lithuania the birth of Nokhum Abram Goldfus on 1/1/1871. Father was Movsha, grandfather Liosel, mother was Beile. Could this be my grandfather? The year is right but not the month or day.
11/18/11 On ancestry.com he was listed as either Goofoot or Garfoot and does have PA, which means Declaration of Intent; this is if he understood the question for on the 1910 census of April 16, 1910 he did not read or write.
The Jewish community was proud of its renowned yeshiva, or rabbinical college. In 1941, the Telshe yeshiva was resettled in Cleveland, Ohio by a group of faculty members who escaped the Holocaust. The original yeshiva building still stands in Telšiai.
Under the subsequent Nazi German occupation during World War II, large Jewish population of Telšiai was almost completely annihilated. Telšiai has a rare, surviving wooden synagogue.[4]
Labels: Council, Dublin, England, expressman, genealogy, Goldfus, history, horse and wagon, Idaho, Ireland, Lithuania, Londonderry Port, Nathan Goldfoot, Oregon, Portland, Russia, Telsiai, Winnipeg, Yiddish
Thursday, July 23, 2015
After 2nd Temple Was Destroyed in 70 CE, What Happened To Our Families
Nadene Goldfoot
Our small trickle of a Jewish population of 14 million is so lucky to exist after millenniums of people trying to destroy us. We only make up 0.02% of the world population today, but long ago in King David's time, must have grown into a goodly %, for the great numbers slaughtered were huge. Above, Danny's father came from Russia with his family as a little boy via a guide in the night like the Mexicans of today leave Mexico. His mother was a German Jew, born in the USA with a paternal grandfather Greenstein from Russia. My paternal grandparents came from Lithuania. My grandfather died when my father was 4 years old so we knew nothing about his life, just that he came from "Russia." By the time my Bubba immigrated, her city of Lazdijai had been taken over by Poland. My mother had converted to Judaism. Here we live in the melting pot of the best country in the whole world for Jews since Judah had been destroyed.
The destruction of the 2nd Temple in 70 CE was about to change the whole world and especially the Jews. Romans entered Judah when they replaced the Seleucids as the great power of the region. They granted the Hasmonean king Hyrcanus II limited authority under their Roman governor of Damascus.
 |
| Danny and I and our Aliyah party 1980 Danny's mother's surname was Cohen. His father was a Levite, making him one, too. He became a high school history teacher and then earned his master's in testing and evaluation and became a counselor. His father's surname had been Iskowitz, but changed to become more American.   Danny, after moving to Israel wearing an Israeli prayer shawl |
Our small trickle of a Jewish population of 14 million is so lucky to exist after millenniums of people trying to destroy us. We only make up 0.02% of the world population today, but long ago in King David's time, must have grown into a goodly %, for the great numbers slaughtered were huge. Above, Danny's father came from Russia with his family as a little boy via a guide in the night like the Mexicans of today leave Mexico. His mother was a German Jew, born in the USA with a paternal grandfather Greenstein from Russia. My paternal grandparents came from Lithuania. My grandfather died when my father was 4 years old so we knew nothing about his life, just that he came from "Russia." By the time my Bubba immigrated, her city of Lazdijai had been taken over by Poland. My mother had converted to Judaism. Here we live in the melting pot of the best country in the whole world for Jews since Judah had been destroyed.
The destruction of the 2nd Temple in 70 CE was about to change the whole world and especially the Jews. Romans entered Judah when they replaced the Seleucids as the great power of the region. They granted the Hasmonean king Hyrcanus II limited authority under their Roman governor of Damascus.
 |
| Danny's Bar Mitzvah and family in Brooklyn 1951 His grandmother was Sarah Cohen nee Greenstein |
Who was a Jew? In this Talmudic period from 100 BCE to 500 CE, anyone who had a Jewish mother was Jewish, or if the person had been rabbinically converted. Jews themselves are divided into 3 male castes; Cohen, Levi and Israelite. It is estimated that Cohanim and Levites each comprise about 4% of the Jewish people today, although about 40% that have tested their DNA are found to have the Cohen gene. This makes me wonder.
Herod was the son-in-law of Hyrcanus II and in 37 BCE was appointed King of Judea by the Romans. He was given almost unlimited autonomy in the country's internal affairs and became one of the most powerful monarchs in the eastern part of the Roman Empire. He loved Greco-Roman culture. So he launched a massive construction program including the cities of Caesarea and Sebaste, and the fortresses at Herodium and Masada. He also remodeled the Temple into one of the most magnificent buildings of its time. However, he failed to win the trust and support of his Jewish subjects He was not of the Davidic dynasty. He was the son of Antipater who was an Idumean and his mother was a Nabatean, named Cypros. His father appointed him governor of Galilee when he was a young man and he immediately showed a strong hand by executing dissidents. For this he was summoned by the Sanhedrin and only saved from death by the intervention of Hyrcanus and Sexus Caesar, governor of Syria.
In the middle of the 2nd century BCE, a Jewish writer of the 3rd book of the Oracula Sibyllina spoke to the "Chosen People" and told them that "every land is full of thee and every see." Other notables such as Strabo, Philo, Seneca, Luke-author of the Acts of the Apostles, Cicero, and Josephus all mentioned Jewish populations in the cities of the Mediterranean basin. Jews were in India and in China. King Agrippa I sent a letter to Caligula numbering the Jews in their provinces which were almost all of the Hellenized and non-Hellenized countries of the Orient. He didn't mention Italy or Cyrene having Jews, then. Josephus said that after Judea and Babylonia were in Syria and especially in Antioch and Damascus, where 10,000 to 18,000 Jews were massacred during the great insurrection. Philo said that Jews in Egypt numbered one million which was 1/8th of the population. Alexandria was the most important Jewish community. They were on par with their Ptolemaic counterparts and had close ties with them with Jerusalem before the destruction. Moving to Egypt then was a choice of the people there, not an imposition.
When Herod died in 4 BCE, Judah came under direct Roman administration. The population's anger kept growing against increased Roman suppression of their Jewish life and this resulted in sporadic violence which escalated into a full-scale revolt in 66 CE. Titus brought in his superior Roman forces and they were finally victorious by razing Jerusalem to the ground in 70 CE by burning it and defeating the last Jewish outpost at Masada in 73 CE.
The was total destruction of Jerusalem and the Temple's destruction was a huge catastrophe for the Jewish people. Hundreds of thousands of Jews perished in the siege of Jerusalem and elsewhere in the country, and then many thousands more were sold into slavery.
Shimon Bar Kokhba came along in 132 CE and regained Jerusalem from the Romans, giving the population a respite from Roman rule, but his attack on the ended in defeat after 3 years of fighting and he was killed in battle, regaining Judea as it was called by the Romans. The holy city was plowed up with a yoke of oxen. Judea was then renamed as Palaestinia just to be ornery against the Jews and Jerusalem was renamed as Aelia Capitolina.
After this, many Jews were taken as slaves and brought into other lands which they called "the Diaspora." By the 4th century CE, many of these slave populations may have served as the basis of later European Jewish communities.
The majority of Jews lived outside of Judea rather than in it, and they were already living outside of Judea at the time of the destruction of Jerusalem. As many as a million Jews were already living in Alexandria. The Romans treated and put to the law all Jews, no matter where they lived. They collected an annual temple tax even though they had destroyed the Temple. They were treating Jews as a distinct ethno-national group.
There was a revolt in 115-117 CE in Egypt, Libya and Crete which likely decimated the Jewish Diaspora population. Wholesale massacres had taken place in Cyrenaica, Cyprus and Meseopotamia where there were large numbers of Jews. When Caesar Augustus had started his rule, there were over 7,000 Jews living in Rome, though this is only the number that is said to have escorted the envoys who came to demand the depositionof Archelaus. Bringmann talks of about 8,000 Jews who lived in Rome. Many sources say that the Jews made up about 1/10th of the population of Rome. In the year 62-61 BCE, the tax paid showed that the Jewish population of Asia Minor was about 45,000 adult males out of a total of at least 180,000 people. There was another in 132-135 of the Bar Kochba Revolt causing the Romans to engage in mass executions and enslavement. The Romans then destroyed large numbers of Judaean towns, and forbade Jews from settling in Jerusalem or its environs. there was no further Jewish government or overarching legal system in Judaea. Jews had now become permanently exiled people with no national homeland. The restrictions continued such as taxation, discrimination, social exclusion which further alienated and marginalized remaining Jews in the Negev and Galilee.
What the Romans did was favor the settlement of culturally pagan Syro-Phoenicians and others. These would have been the ancestors of the people the Arabs have displaced.
For Arabs came from the Arabian peninsula and regions nearby it, but left their land when Islam was created by Muhammad before and after 632 to proselytize. They burst forth from their homeland to conquer the greater part of the then civilized world. They are a Semitic people like the Jews, coming from Abraham's first son, Ishmael by the Egyptian woman, Hagar, who was Abraham's wife's handmaid.
Judaea became known as Syria Palestina. The Romans did their best to ensure that Jerusalem would ever rise again or that there would ever be another Jewish Temple.
Jewish people were now in exile. Some time around the year 615, Muhammad spoke to the Jews of Mecca and Medina as though they had been expelled 2 times from the land of Judaea by the servants of Allah and told them it was a punishment for their rejection of Jesus and of the prophet, (himself).
He was wrong. The outside world in which Jews were living in (the Diaspora) happened over the centuries since they had returned from Babylon where they had a taste of living outside. Then they had to live through the Roman destruction and the subsequent rule of Christians and Muslims. For generations to come, the Jews were to be seen as an exiled and persecuted people for much of their history. The Babylonian captivity created the promise of return and getting on with their lives.
So we find many Jews were living outside of the Land of Israel before the Roman imperial oppression and before the Jewish uprisings for independence and freedom from Roman rule in their homeland. Many went back to 4 BCE like the settlement in Puteoli, Italy and originated in voluntary emigration by the lure of trade and commerce. I would think that the scholars tended to remain in Judah for as long as they could until they too, saw the writing on the wall and fled, most likely before the burning started.
Jews were living in France before 70 CE. Organized Jewish communities were living there in the period of the Roman Empire. When Christianity entered, their position deteriorated because the church councils took steps to enforce the conventional anti-Jewish codes. Under the Merovingians, some Jews occupied prominent positions at their court.
From the 8th century on, Jews were under the protection of Charlemagne and his house, so Jewish merchants began to settle in France for purposes of trade, importing foreign luxuries and establishing new communities up the Rhone Valley and into Champagne. In the 9th century, southern France was the main center of the activity of the international traders, the RADANITES.
Sephardi originally meant Jews descended from the communities that existed in Spain before their expulsion of 1492. Today we use Sephardim to mean all descendants of the communities of North Africa and the Near East who follow the Sephardi rite of worship and their cultural traditions. Before the middle of the 20th century, gene flow between Ashkenazi and non-Ashkenazi groups was restricted by distance, but some cities found both living there, each attending their own synagogues. Language would have been a barrier and some small differences in customs, for instance, Sephardi allowing rice to be eaten during Passover but Ashkenazis not allowing it. I wonder if Jacob's wife, Rachel, was this beautiful. I hope so.
Resource: https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/History/Romans.html
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewish_diaspora
The New Standard Jewish Encyclopedia
The Jews of Khazaria 2nd edition, Kevin Alan Brook
https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/judaica/ejud_0002_0007_0_07174.html- Genetic Ancestry, Jewish
https://www.google.com/search?q=Sephardi+Jews,+pictures&biw=1024&bih=677&tbm=isch&tbo=u&source=univ&sa=X&ved=0CDYQ7AlqFQoTCL3W3rPn8cYCFc1biAodOZ0PrA#imgrc=sWBiEDr6U7q7MM%3A
In the middle of the 2nd century BCE, a Jewish writer of the 3rd book of the Oracula Sibyllina spoke to the "Chosen People" and told them that "every land is full of thee and every see." Other notables such as Strabo, Philo, Seneca, Luke-author of the Acts of the Apostles, Cicero, and Josephus all mentioned Jewish populations in the cities of the Mediterranean basin. Jews were in India and in China. King Agrippa I sent a letter to Caligula numbering the Jews in their provinces which were almost all of the Hellenized and non-Hellenized countries of the Orient. He didn't mention Italy or Cyrene having Jews, then. Josephus said that after Judea and Babylonia were in Syria and especially in Antioch and Damascus, where 10,000 to 18,000 Jews were massacred during the great insurrection. Philo said that Jews in Egypt numbered one million which was 1/8th of the population. Alexandria was the most important Jewish community. They were on par with their Ptolemaic counterparts and had close ties with them with Jerusalem before the destruction. Moving to Egypt then was a choice of the people there, not an imposition.
When Herod died in 4 BCE, Judah came under direct Roman administration. The population's anger kept growing against increased Roman suppression of their Jewish life and this resulted in sporadic violence which escalated into a full-scale revolt in 66 CE. Titus brought in his superior Roman forces and they were finally victorious by razing Jerusalem to the ground in 70 CE by burning it and defeating the last Jewish outpost at Masada in 73 CE.
 |
| Leaving Jerusalem |
Shimon Bar Kokhba came along in 132 CE and regained Jerusalem from the Romans, giving the population a respite from Roman rule, but his attack on the ended in defeat after 3 years of fighting and he was killed in battle, regaining Judea as it was called by the Romans. The holy city was plowed up with a yoke of oxen. Judea was then renamed as Palaestinia just to be ornery against the Jews and Jerusalem was renamed as Aelia Capitolina.
 |
| The Arch of Titus leading away the loot from the Temple and Jewish slaves |
The majority of Jews lived outside of Judea rather than in it, and they were already living outside of Judea at the time of the destruction of Jerusalem. As many as a million Jews were already living in Alexandria. The Romans treated and put to the law all Jews, no matter where they lived. They collected an annual temple tax even though they had destroyed the Temple. They were treating Jews as a distinct ethno-national group.
There was a revolt in 115-117 CE in Egypt, Libya and Crete which likely decimated the Jewish Diaspora population. Wholesale massacres had taken place in Cyrenaica, Cyprus and Meseopotamia where there were large numbers of Jews. When Caesar Augustus had started his rule, there were over 7,000 Jews living in Rome, though this is only the number that is said to have escorted the envoys who came to demand the depositionof Archelaus. Bringmann talks of about 8,000 Jews who lived in Rome. Many sources say that the Jews made up about 1/10th of the population of Rome. In the year 62-61 BCE, the tax paid showed that the Jewish population of Asia Minor was about 45,000 adult males out of a total of at least 180,000 people. There was another in 132-135 of the Bar Kochba Revolt causing the Romans to engage in mass executions and enslavement. The Romans then destroyed large numbers of Judaean towns, and forbade Jews from settling in Jerusalem or its environs. there was no further Jewish government or overarching legal system in Judaea. Jews had now become permanently exiled people with no national homeland. The restrictions continued such as taxation, discrimination, social exclusion which further alienated and marginalized remaining Jews in the Negev and Galilee.
What the Romans did was favor the settlement of culturally pagan Syro-Phoenicians and others. These would have been the ancestors of the people the Arabs have displaced.
Judaea became known as Syria Palestina. The Romans did their best to ensure that Jerusalem would ever rise again or that there would ever be another Jewish Temple.
Jewish people were now in exile. Some time around the year 615, Muhammad spoke to the Jews of Mecca and Medina as though they had been expelled 2 times from the land of Judaea by the servants of Allah and told them it was a punishment for their rejection of Jesus and of the prophet, (himself).
He was wrong. The outside world in which Jews were living in (the Diaspora) happened over the centuries since they had returned from Babylon where they had a taste of living outside. Then they had to live through the Roman destruction and the subsequent rule of Christians and Muslims. For generations to come, the Jews were to be seen as an exiled and persecuted people for much of their history. The Babylonian captivity created the promise of return and getting on with their lives.
So we find many Jews were living outside of the Land of Israel before the Roman imperial oppression and before the Jewish uprisings for independence and freedom from Roman rule in their homeland. Many went back to 4 BCE like the settlement in Puteoli, Italy and originated in voluntary emigration by the lure of trade and commerce. I would think that the scholars tended to remain in Judah for as long as they could until they too, saw the writing on the wall and fled, most likely before the burning started.
 |
| Worms, Germany |
Jews migrated into NW Europe, including NE France and N. Germany with settlement documented back to the 6th century.
Jews were living in France before 70 CE. Organized Jewish communities were living there in the period of the Roman Empire. When Christianity entered, their position deteriorated because the church councils took steps to enforce the conventional anti-Jewish codes. Under the Merovingians, some Jews occupied prominent positions at their court.
From the 8th century on, Jews were under the protection of Charlemagne and his house, so Jewish merchants began to settle in France for purposes of trade, importing foreign luxuries and establishing new communities up the Rhone Valley and into Champagne. In the 9th century, southern France was the main center of the activity of the international traders, the RADANITES.
From the 10th century, Ashkenazi Jews spoke Yiddish which was written with Hebrew letters but using a language that was mostly from German.
Jews were in Lithuania from 1321. By 1398 a community of Karaites lived in Troki. by 1495 (3 years after the 1492 Spanish expulsion) Jews were living in Vilna, Grodno and Kovno totalling 10,000.
Poland had Jews living there since the 9th century. They were thought to have come there from Germany or Bohemia or from the kingdom of Kiev or the Byzantine Empire and reinforced by some from Khazaria.
Ukraine's Jews are thought to have come from Khazaria in waves, the Caliphate and Byzantium between the 9th and 12th centuries, from Central Europe in the 14th-15th centuries, and from Poland in the 16th to 17th centuries. It's always been an anti-Semitic center.
Latvia had Jews from the 16th century. 2,000 lived there in 1795 when it was annexed to Russia. In 1835 Courland and Livland were excluded from the Pale of Settlement where Jews were allowed to live as they couldn't live in Russia proper according to Catherine II"s law.
Belarus or Belorussia was called White Russia. Jews moved there from Poland and were living in Grodno in the 12th century at Brest-Litovsk in the 14th century and Pinsk from 1506; capital is Minsk.
Crimea had Jewish settlement from the 1st century BCE. From the 7th century to 1117, eastern Crimea was controlled by the Khazars. Karaites ived there from the 12th century centered at Kaffa. Many of those Jews converted to Islam under Tatar rule.
Russia had Jews since since classical times. In 986 Jews lived there, but Catherine II put a stop to that in 1791 and the law remained till WWI.
Jews were in Lithuania from 1321. By 1398 a community of Karaites lived in Troki. by 1495 (3 years after the 1492 Spanish expulsion) Jews were living in Vilna, Grodno and Kovno totalling 10,000.
Poland had Jews living there since the 9th century. They were thought to have come there from Germany or Bohemia or from the kingdom of Kiev or the Byzantine Empire and reinforced by some from Khazaria.
Ukraine's Jews are thought to have come from Khazaria in waves, the Caliphate and Byzantium between the 9th and 12th centuries, from Central Europe in the 14th-15th centuries, and from Poland in the 16th to 17th centuries. It's always been an anti-Semitic center.
Latvia had Jews from the 16th century. 2,000 lived there in 1795 when it was annexed to Russia. In 1835 Courland and Livland were excluded from the Pale of Settlement where Jews were allowed to live as they couldn't live in Russia proper according to Catherine II"s law.
Belarus or Belorussia was called White Russia. Jews moved there from Poland and were living in Grodno in the 12th century at Brest-Litovsk in the 14th century and Pinsk from 1506; capital is Minsk.
Crimea had Jewish settlement from the 1st century BCE. From the 7th century to 1117, eastern Crimea was controlled by the Khazars. Karaites ived there from the 12th century centered at Kaffa. Many of those Jews converted to Islam under Tatar rule.
Russia had Jews since since classical times. In 986 Jews lived there, but Catherine II put a stop to that in 1791 and the law remained till WWI.
By the 16th century, Jews populated communities going from the Loire in the West to the Dnieper in the East, and from Rome in the South to the Danish border in the North.
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| My great aunt, Jenny Criss nee Jermulowske, spoke Yiddish and English |
Jews could tell by listening to someone where they had come from. There was Western Yiddish, now almost extinct, and Eastern Yiddish, subdivided into a northern dialect centered in Lithuania and a southern dialect extending from Poland to the Ukraine. and Romania. In the USA, the southern dialect dominated on the stage and the northern dialect on the lecture platform. My father only spoke Yiddish until he started 1st grade, where he had to start learning English. His mother never did learn English, so her children always spoke Yiddish with her. I learned such phrases as "kiss mere tuchus!" and "Oy Gevalt!" and "Potch'n tuchus!"
In the 9th and 10th centuries, Judaism became the most widespread religious influence upon the Khazars.
Jews from Khazaria's royal house had converted to Judaism. The state of Khazaria became independent in the 630's and 640's. I note that Muhammad had died in 630 as well and Islam spread quickly from then on. Some Khazars became Muslims from about 690 to the late 10th century. The Khazars became the dominant power in southern Russia and they displaced other ethnic groups, most notably, the Bulgars who were a mixture of Hunnic, Turkic and Iranian groups mixed together. Jews from eastern Europe facing anti-Semitism could find refuge in Khazaria as the royal family had chosen to convert to Judaism and allowed their people to choose whatever religion they wanted for themselves. So Khazaria was a vast land with many large Jewish settlements. The Khazars had 100 cities or clans. Settlements were located in the Don and Volga river valleys, on the Crimean peninsula, in today's Ukraine and north of the Caucasian mountain range. However, archaeological evidence indicates that Jews have lived in the Balkans, in the Caucasus including Georgia, along the northern shores of the Black Sea, and in other areas of eastern Europe since Roman times.
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| Yasmin Levy, Sephardic singer and song writer from Jerusalem with fans even in Pakistan |
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| Some of those Jews led to extermination camps |
There were about 8 million Ashkenazi Jews just prior to the outbreak of World War II of 1941. 6 million were slaughtered during the war.
650,000 Jews were living in Palestine in 1948.
Today, 6 million Jews live in Israel, about 6 million in the USA, and 2 million in the Diaspora.
Today, 6 million Jews live in Israel, about 6 million in the USA, and 2 million in the Diaspora.
Resource: https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/History/Romans.html
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewish_diaspora
The New Standard Jewish Encyclopedia
The Jews of Khazaria 2nd edition, Kevin Alan Brook
https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/judaica/ejud_0002_0007_0_07174.html- Genetic Ancestry, Jewish
https://www.google.com/search?q=Sephardi+Jews,+pictures&biw=1024&bih=677&tbm=isch&tbo=u&source=univ&sa=X&ved=0CDYQ7AlqFQoTCL3W3rPn8cYCFc1biAodOZ0PrA#imgrc=sWBiEDr6U7q7MM%3A
Labels: Arabs, Ashkenazi, bar Kokhba, Damascus, Danny Eskow paintings, Egypt, Herod, Jerusalem, Judh, King Hyrcanua II, Rome, Sephardi, Syria, Syro-Phoenicians, Yiddish
